{"id":97216,"date":"2018-08-03T18:46:26","date_gmt":"2018-08-03T18:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=97216"},"modified":"2018-08-04T10:24:55","modified_gmt":"2018-08-04T10:24:55","slug":"%d8%af-%d9%be%da%9a%d8%aa%d9%88-%da%98%d8%a8%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b2-%da%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%be%da%9a%d8%aa%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=97216","title":{"rendered":"\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a\/\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0689\u060c \u06f3\u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a\u06f1\u06f8<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0685\u0685\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a!<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

(\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

(<\/strong>The Pashto nominal cases<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 (\u067e\u0633\u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0) \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u062f\u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd-\u067e\u0644\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0685\u06bc\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0689\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0647\u00a0 \u062a\u0631 <\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0646\u0698\u062f\u06d0 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0644\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648 \u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u06d0 (\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647) \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u067c\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u06d0\u062f\u0647\u060c\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u06d0. \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u0648\u0681\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0631\u063a\u069a\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0648 \u069a\u062a\u06cc.\u00a0 \u064a\u0627 \u069a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u069a\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00a0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0685\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0644\u063a\u069a\u062a\u0648(\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u06a9\u0648) \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0693\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u00a0 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 ((\u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f)) \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00a0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648\u064a- \u06a9\u067c \u0645\u067c\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0639\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u064a (\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648)\u00a0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f ((\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631)) \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0681\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0648<\/strong> \u0647\u0646\u0681\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646 ((\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648)) \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0\u00a0 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0696\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0693\u06cd \u0634\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u0648! <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0647 (<\/strong>\u06f2\u06f4<\/strong>\u062c\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\u06f1\u06f8<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0685\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644<\/strong> [\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 ] \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645(\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0627\u0648<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0645(<\/strong>The Pashto nominal cases<\/strong>)\u060c \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u06d0 \u0633\u067e\u06bc\u064a\u0632\u06d0\u00a0 (\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u064a)\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u06d0 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u06a9\u064a) \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0648 (\u0645\u0648 \u0636\u0648\u0639) \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644\u06d0. \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0644\u064a\u06a9\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0698\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u06af\u0693\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062c (\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644) \u062f \u064a\u0648\u06d0 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u064a\u06a9\u064a \u0689\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cd\u00a0 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0646\u0693\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0646\u06d0\u067c)\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u00a0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u0685\u0646\u06af\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a case) \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646) \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648 (\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e (\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647 <\/strong>aspect<\/strong>) \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u06d0\u00a0 \u06af\u06bc\u0647 (\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/strong>number<\/strong>) \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0696\u06cc (\u062c\u0646\u0633<\/strong> gender<\/strong>) \u062f\u06cc <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 (\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0) \u0685\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647 (\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a) \u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u06af\u0693 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0632 (\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a) \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u00a0 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: (\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0646\u06d0\u00a0 \u062e\u067c\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693.[ <\/strong>\u06f3<\/strong>–<\/strong> \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 <\/strong>\u06f9\u06f2<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u06f9\u06f5<\/strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u069a\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u00a0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 <\/strong>\u064a\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 (\u0648\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0644) \u064a\u0627 \u0685\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u064a\u0627\u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u067c\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u2190\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0627\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u063a\u0696 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0681\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u067c\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a. \u062f \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646 (\u062d\u0630\u0641) \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0686\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u067e\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n

(\u06f1)\u00a0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0622\u0631 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631(\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a ) \u064a\u0627 (<\/strong>direct case<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06af\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u069a\u0647\u00a0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: (\u0648\u0631\u06cc) \u0627\u0648 (\u0698\u0648\u06cc) \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0: \u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0698\u0648\u06cc \u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

(\u06f2) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a Oblique case<\/strong>) \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0648\u064a\u06d0 (\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0) \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u064a\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062c\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0\u00a0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647(-\u064a)\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 (\u0648\u0631\u064a) \u0627\u0648 (\u0698\u0648\u064a) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647:<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644) \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u064a (\u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647).\u00a0 \u064a\u0627 -\u0632\u0648\u064e\u0631(-a) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 (\u0632\u0645\u0631-\u0647!) \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 (\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0647!)\u00a0 \u062f\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647-\u064a (<\/strong>-i<\/strong>) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u064a\u0627 (<\/strong>nom-<\/strong> inative case<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u00a0\u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 <\/strong>\u0632\u0648\u064e\u0631(-a) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a) \u064a\u0627 (<\/strong>vocative case<\/strong>).\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u064a\u0632 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u064a\u0627<\/strong> \u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06af\u0693\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a (\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0645) \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0648 (<\/strong>modifiers<\/strong>) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06af\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0647 \u069a\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644\u061b \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u064a \u063a\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u063a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc (\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631) \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0685\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u06a9\u0647\u060c\u062f\u06d0-\u062f\u063a\u0647 (<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>)-\u0647\u063a\u0647(<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>)-\u0647\u0648\u063a\u0647 (<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>) \u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644… \u061b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0646\u0647\u00a0 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a (-\u2202<\/strong>) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 (<\/strong>ending<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u00a0\u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a<\/strong> \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u2190 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c* (\u0648\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646) \u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f (\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 (\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 wr<\/strong>\u1fb9<\/strong>n-<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>) <\/strong>\u06a9\u06d0 \u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a\u00a0 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0646\u0689-\u0648(-u-<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 (\u1fb9) \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc. \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u06d0: \u0644\u0693\u0645\u0648\u0646-\u0644\u0693\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646- \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0634\u067e\u0648\u0646-\u0634\u067e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646- \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0647-\u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0693-\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c\u0645\u0648\u0693-\u0645\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c\u0632\u0648\u0693-\u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c\u06a9\u0648\u06bc-\u06a9\u0627\u06bc\u0647\u060c\u06a9\u0647\u0648\u0644-\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c\u062e\u0648\u0696-\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0696\u0647…[ \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 <\/strong>\u06f9\u06f2<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u06f9\u06f6<\/strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n

*<\/strong>\u0645\u0646\u0681-\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c) <\/strong>\u067e\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (<\/strong>Ablaut<\/strong>) \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648-\u067e\u0627\u06cc (<\/strong>internal vocal change<\/strong>) \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c\u062e\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0627\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u062c\u0627\u062c (\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645) \u069a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0685\u0631\u06af\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

(<\/strong>The real &pre-positional nominal case<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n

(<\/strong>\u06f1<\/strong>)\u00a0 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u062a\u06af\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u064a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06d0\u067c\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627<\/strong> \u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong>…) \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0\u0685\u0631\u06a9 \u0644\u06af\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc<\/strong> \u060c\u0646\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u064a\u0645\u06af\u0648\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.\u00a0 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a- \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0686\u0627\u0631 (\u06a9\u0693\u0646) \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u067c \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0627\u00a0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 (\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u064a<\/strong>(<\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u060c\u0648\u064a\u064a\u06a9\u064a <\/strong>…) <\/strong>\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0(<\/strong>nominative-case<\/strong>) \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06af\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644)\u00a0 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a ) \u0645\u06bc\u0647\u00a0 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0634\u06d0) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b \u064a\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0648\u06af\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u061b \u062a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u06a9 \u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u069a\u061b \u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0693\u060c\u062f\u06d0\u00a0 \u0689\u0648\u0689\u06cd \u067e\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647… .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06a9\u06d0 <\/strong>\u062f\u0631 \u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0685\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a: \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a nomi-<\/strong> native<\/strong>)\u060c<\/strong>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062aaccusative <\/strong>)\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a <\/strong>vocative<\/strong>). <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u06f1<\/strong>– <\/strong>\u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (<\/strong>nominative<\/strong>) \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062a\u0634 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 (<\/strong>ergative<\/strong>) \u0633\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0647\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u06d0\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a) \u06a9\u0693 \u062f \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u06a9\u0693\u064a (\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644) \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 (\u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f) \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u0632\u0645\u0631\u064a ) \u0645\u06bc\u0647\u00a0 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0634\u06d0) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b \u064a\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0648\u06af\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a: (\u0645\u0627)\u00a0 \u0645\u06bc\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u0647\u061b (\u062a\u0627) \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0693\u061b (\u062f\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0693\u060c(\u062f\u06d0)\u00a0 \u0689\u0648\u0689\u06cd \u067e\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647… .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u06f2<\/strong>– <\/strong>\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 (<\/strong>accusative<\/strong>)\u060c \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0\u0646\u06cc \u0685\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0696\u00a0 \u067e\u0647\u00a0 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u0648(\u0645\u0627) \u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627)\u00a0 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 \u0627\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u0645\u0627) \u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0647\u064a\u060c (\u062a\u0627) \u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u061b \u062f\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647 (\u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc) \u0627\u0648 (\u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u064a\u0627\u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646) \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 (\u0645\u0627)\u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627) \u0644\u0646\u0689 (\u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647) \u06a9\u0693 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u00a0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 (\u0632\u0647)\u0627\u0648 (\u062a\u0627)\u062f\u064a\u061b \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u060c\u062f(\u0632\u0645\u0631\u06cc) \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u06cc ( \u062f\u06cc) \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f (\u0632\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0631\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc (\u062f\u0627) \u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:(\u062f\u06cc) \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0648 (\u062f\u0627) \u062a\u0627.\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0681\u0631\u064a (\u0645\u0627-\u062a\u0627) \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u062f\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u06f3<\/strong>– <\/strong>\u0628\u0644\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u00a0 (\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a <\/strong>vocative<\/strong>)\u00a0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0696\u064a (\u062c\u0646\u0633) \u0627\u0648 \u06af\u06bc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0648 (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.\u00a0 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a ((<\/strong>\u2190<\/strong>\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a))\u00a0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0693\u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0634\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0(<\/strong>\u06f2<\/strong>) \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a (<\/strong>pre-positional<\/strong>) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a (<\/strong>pre-positional<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a (<\/strong> post-positional<\/strong>) \u064a\u0627\u063a\u0628\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0644\u064a (<\/strong>ambi-positional<\/strong>) \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631 <\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u067e\u06d0\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0644\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u06d0\u0631 (<\/strong>dative<\/strong>)\u060c\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (<\/strong>instro mentative<\/strong>)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (<\/strong>locative<\/strong>)…\u0633\u06a9\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0647 (\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647) \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648\u00a0 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u064a\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u069a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0646\u06af\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a.[<\/strong>\u06f3<\/strong> –<\/strong>\u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 <\/strong>\u06f1\u06f0\u06f1<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u06f1\u06f1\u06f2<\/strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641-\u062f \u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06af\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0685 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n

(<\/strong>\u06f1<\/strong>) -\u064a\u00a0 (<\/strong>-i<\/strong>) \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u067e\u06d0\u0631 (\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u064a\u06d0 (-\u06cc) \u062f\u0647: \u0633\u0693\u06cc-\u0633\u0693\u064a\u060c\u0698\u0648\u06cc-\u0698\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u06cc-\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064e\u06cc-\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0633\u06cc-\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a<\/strong>\u060c<\/strong>\u062a\u0646\u062f\u06cc-\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a…\u061b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0(<\/strong>\u06f2<\/strong>) -\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u06cc (<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>) \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u0631\u0647 (\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u06a9 (<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u06a9\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0646\u067c) \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u062e\u0631-\u062e\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0631-\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631-\u0633\u0631\u0647 (<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>sr<\/strong>)\u060c \u0645\u0644-\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u063a\u0644-\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0696-\u06a9\u0627\u0696\u0647…\u061b<\/strong><\/p>\n

(<\/strong>\u06f3<\/strong>) \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f-\u0648 (<\/strong>-o<\/strong>)\u00a0 \u067e\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u06af\u0693\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0627<\/strong> \u064a\u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06af\u0693\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 (-\u0648) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0681\u0648\u0646\u062c <\/strong>Ablaut<\/strong> \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06af\u0693\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u064a<\/strong> \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u060c\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647\u00a0 -\u0627\u0644\u0641- (<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u1fb9<\/strong>–<\/strong>)\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u062c (\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0648\u0696\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0633 <\/strong>\u00a0mass nouns<\/strong>) \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u00a0 \u0644\u0696\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631 \u0628\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u06af\u0693\u064a\u0632\u0647 (-\u0648) \u067e\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u0631\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u063a\u0646\u0645-\u063a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647-\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648\u060c\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0647-\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u060c\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0634\u06d0- \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0696\u062f\u0646- \u0696\u062f\u0646\u0648. \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0644-\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646-\u067e\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0646- \u0627\u06af\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06af\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064a\u064a\u00a0 \u0685\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0647\u0648 \u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0685 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u064a\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0693 \u0648\u064a\u060c\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647. \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u064a\u0648 \u00a0\u06a9\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u0647\u060c\u061b \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06d0\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u0647 \u060c \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0693\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u064a\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06d0\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a \u06a9\u0693\u0645… [<\/strong>\u06f3<\/strong>-\u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 <\/strong>\u06f9\u06f7<\/strong> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u06d0\u0644-\u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0647 ()\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a) \u06af\u0693\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u06af\u0693\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0689\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u062f) \u062e\u062c\u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0632\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u064a\u06d0 (\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06d0) \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062e\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f-\u0648 (<\/strong>-o<\/strong>) \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0689-\u0648 (<\/strong>-u<\/strong>) \u0627\u0693\u0648\u064a\u060c\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647\u00a0 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u062a\u0648 (<\/strong>dr<\/strong>\u00e1<\/strong>xtu<\/strong>)\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u06af\u0648 (<\/strong>x<\/strong>\u00e1<\/strong>lgu<\/strong>)\u06a9\u06d0. <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u0628)<\/strong>\u00a0 \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u00a0 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u064a\u0627 \u067e\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06af\u0693\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n

-\u06d0 (<\/strong>-e<\/strong>)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647\u00a0 -\u0632\u0648\u0631 (<\/strong>-a<\/strong>) \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u00a0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0696\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a (\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 (-\u06d0) \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a! ) \u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647:\u00a0 \u06a9\u0648\u067c\u0647- \u06a9\u0648\u067c\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647- \u062e\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647- \u0648\u0646\u06d0… \u061b\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0644-\u0648 (<\/strong>–<\/strong>\u2202<\/strong>w<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u00a0\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647\u060c\u06a9\u067c\u0648: \u06a9\u067c\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u0628\u0696\u0648-\u0628\u0696\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0648-\u063a\u0631\u0648\u06d0 (\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u061b \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062e \u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644).<\/strong><\/p>\n

-\u06cd \u067e\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0647\u00a0 \u067e\u0647 -\u064a \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0686\u064a \u062f\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647-\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0681\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0647: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a-\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u06cd\u060c\u069a\u0627\u062f\u064a-\u069a\u0627\u062f\u06cd\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a-\u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u06cd… .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062e\u0681\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645.\u0627.\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631: \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u0648\u064a\u0647 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631)- \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u064a\u0645 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u060c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 . \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u0631 <\/strong>\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f5<\/strong>\u0632. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Mario. Pei:A Dictionary of Linguistics, Frank\u00a0 Gaynor New York 1954.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ulrich, Winfried: Woerterbuch Linguistische Grundbegriefe. Verlag F. Hirt, Kiel. Wueryburg (Germany)\u00a0 1972. <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0689\u060c \u06f3\u0627\u06af\u0633\u062a\u06f1\u06f8 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0685\u0685\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a! \u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0632 (\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0627 (\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647) (The Pashto nominal cases) \u0627\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u064a \u067e\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,44],"tags":[663],"class_list":["post-97216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-24","category-44","tag-663"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a\/\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645.\u0627. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631 - 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