{"id":190367,"date":"2026-10-10T21:13:20","date_gmt":"2026-10-10T21:13:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=190367"},"modified":"2026-10-10T21:13:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T21:13:20","slug":"%d8%af-%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a-%d9%81%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=190367","title":{"rendered":"\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632<\/p>\n

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\u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f UNESCO \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u06f1\u06f8\u066c\u06f9\u06f0\u06f9 \u062a\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f9 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06f1\u06f3\u066c\u06f3\u06f9\u06f5 \u062a\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f4 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u064a. [3] \u067e\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06f8\u066c\u06f1\u06f6\u06f5 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06f8\u066c\u06f0\u06f8\u06f6 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u061b \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u06f3\u06f5\u06f4 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06f1\u06f2\u06f9 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u0644. [4][5][11]<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u00ab\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u00bb (Brain Drain) \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f \u00ab\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u00bb (Brain Circulation)\u060c \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u00bb (Brain Linkage) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u06ab\u0689 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0648 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u064a. [19][20][21][22][27]<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u06ab\u0689 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a. \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u06cd \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a. UNESCO \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u067c\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u069a\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0685\u0648\u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u00a0 ( Multilingual Studies ) ,\u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. [23][26]<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c: \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u0685\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u067e\u0646\u0681\u0648 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u06cc:
\n\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631\u061b
\n\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b
\n\u062f\u0631\u06d0\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0648\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u0648\u064a\u061b
\n\u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u061b
\n\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0646\u0681\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647. \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\n\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u064a. \u062f UNESCO \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0685\u0648\u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a. [23][26]<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cd\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06cc\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u064a\u061b \u062e\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cd \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u062f \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647: \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0648\u0627\u067c\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u0696\u064a. UNESCO \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u06ab\u06bc\u064a. [23][24][25][26]<\/p>\n

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\u06f1. \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n

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\u06f2. \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0685\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n

\u062f WHO \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0644\u0647 \u00ab\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a\u00bb \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc. \u062f \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f3 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0648 \u06f1\u06f0\u066c\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0648\u06ab\u0693\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06f1\u06f0\u066b\u06f3 \u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0648\u06d0\u0634 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0648. [1] \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f2\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u06f5\u066c\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0689\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u0647. \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0685\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a (supervisors)\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0632\u06cd \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u06cd \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u067e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a. [2] \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0642\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u00ab\u06f5\u066c\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a\u00bb \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0696\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0 \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

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\u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06ab\u067c\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u064a: \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u06f3. \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

\u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u064a \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u0647\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0648 \u062f \u0685\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u064a. [7] \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0686 \u067e\u0647 \u06f3\u06f1\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0631 \u0698\u0627\u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06ab \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u06d0. [16]<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0685\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0634\u0648\u06d0. [17][18]<\/p>\n

\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0693\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0:<\/p>\n

\u06f1. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u06ab \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a [7]\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u067c\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

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\u06f3. \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0648\u060c \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a [18]\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0645\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06cc \u00a0\u0628\u06cc\u062a\/ \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645<\/p>\n

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\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a. \u062f \u06ab\u0689\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u067c\u0631\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0632\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u062f \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u067e\u060c \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u06cc\u067c\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u00bb \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u06f5. \u0644\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u064a \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0681\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a. \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f \u06f8\u066c\u06f1\u06f6\u06f5 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06f8\u066c\u06f0\u06f8\u06f6 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648. [4] \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f3\u06f5\u06f4 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f \u06f1\u06f4 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f1\u06f2\u06f9 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0644. [5][11] \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u064a \u06a9\u0645\u069a\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

UNESCO \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f3 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 mentoring\u060c \u062f \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 (Peer Learning)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 feedback \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u067c\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. [12] \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u062a\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a: \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0689 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a. UNESCO \u0685\u0648\u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u060c \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u06ab\u06bc\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0685\u0648\u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. [24][25][26]<\/p>\n

\u06f6. \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u061b \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u062a\u0647<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f4 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f Telemedicine \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062a \u062f \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d0 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cd \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. [13]<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u06cd \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f CT\u060c MRI \u0627\u0648 X-ray \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0644. [14]<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0689\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u067c\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0647. \u062f UNESCO \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u0631\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u062f DANISH \u0689\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u067c\u0644 \u0632\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 self-paced modules \u0627\u0648 low-bandwidth \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0646\u06d0\u067c \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. [12]<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06d0 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0685\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u062f\u0647. Teleconsultation \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u060c informed consent\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631 \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u064a. \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0689\u0689\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cc \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u06f7. \u0644\u0647 \u00abBrain Drain\u00bb \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u00abBrain Circulation\u00bb \u062a\u0647\u061b \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u00abBrain Drain\u00bb \u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0634\u0648\u06cc: \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u062e \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u062f \u00abBrain Circulation\u00bb \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u061b \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0647\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a. [19][20]<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f5 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f Journal of Development Economics \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u0646\u062f\u0647 PhD \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u064f\u0644\u00bb \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u064a. [21] \u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u00a0Brain Linkage\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a: \u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647\u060c mentoring\u060c co-supervision\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a \u062f \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a. [22]<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0647: \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d0 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 (Absorptive Capacity)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0681\u0644 \u0644\u06a9\u0686\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u067c\u06cc\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. [19][22]<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u00ab\u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0626\u00bb \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0626\u00bb \u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u0648\u0627\u067c\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u06f8. \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u061b \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u0644\u06ab\u069a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0689\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u064a\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647 – \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 – \u062f \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u0685\u0648 \u06a9\u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0689\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u067c\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0634\u064a. \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f:\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u067e \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631:\u00a0Grand Rounds\u060c Case Conference\u060c Tumor Board\u060c Radiology\/Pathology Review \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06a9 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Mentor:\u00a0\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06d0\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0634\u067e\u0696\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u06ab\u0689\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a:\u00a0Research Methodology\u060c Biostatistics\u060c Evidence-Based Medicine\u060c Academic Writing\u060c Peer Review \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u067c\u0631\u06cd\/\u062f\u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627:\u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u064a \u062f \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u06ab\u0689\u06d0 \u0689\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062f \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647:\u00a0\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u067c\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u0689\u060c \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0689 \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647:\u00a0\u062f \u06f1-\u06f4 \u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0634 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u06f9. \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u064a<\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0648 \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u062a\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0698\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0698\u0628\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a. [24][25][26]<\/p>\n

\u06f1\u06f3. \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n

\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd\u00bb \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0696\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0648\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a:\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0689\u0627\u06a9\u067c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a:\u00a0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f:\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u0693 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0631\u0648\u063a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0633\u06cc:\u00a0\u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab:\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062d\u062c\u062a \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647:\u00a0\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c:\u00a0\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062f \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u067c\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u06a9\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u00a0\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061b \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647: \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cd \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0<\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06d0<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] World Health Organization \/ Afghanistan Health Cluster. Public Health Situation Analysis – Afghanistan. 4 August 2025. (2023 health-workforce figure: 10.3 doctors, nurses and midwives per 10,000 population; imbalanced distribution.)
\nhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/public-health-situation-analysis—afghanistan<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. \u201cMinistry of Public Health Launches Recruitment Process for Nearly 5,000 Vacant Positions Through Open Competition.\u201d 12 September 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/moph.gov.af\/en\/ministry-public-health-launches-recruitment-process-nearly-5000-vacant-positions-through-open<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[3] UNESCO. Afghanistan Education Situation Report 2025. Higher Education section. University teachers: 18,909 (2019) to 13,395 (2024).
\nhttps:\/\/articles.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2025\/10\/Afghanistan-eduction-situation-report-2025.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Ministry of Education, Afghanistan. Announcement of the Competitive Exam Results for 8,165 Vacant Teaching and Administrative Positions (8,086 teaching; 79 administrative). 10 March 2025.
\nhttps:\/\/moe.gov.af\/en\/announcement-competitive-exam-results-8165-vacant-teaching-and-administrative-positions-ministry<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Ministry of Education, Afghanistan. Announcement of 354 academic posts for teacher training and professional development. 5 July 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/moe.gov.af\/en\/node\/8379<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[6] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Healthcare Workforce Strengthened Through Recruitment for Speciality Program. 26 March 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/moph.gov.af\/en\/healthcare-workforce-strengthened-through-recruitment-speciality-program<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[7] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. MoPH and China Discuss Expanding Health Cooperation and Capacity Building. 11 April 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.moph.gov.af\/en\/moph-and-china-discuss-expanding-health-cooperation-and-capacity-building<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[8] Ministry of Higher Education, Afghanistan. Meeting with the Ambassador of Qatar; discussion of sending professors and scientific cooperation. 2 Sunbula 1405 (24 August 2026).
\nhttps:\/\/www.mohe.gov.af\/fa-AF\/news\/news-174<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[9] Ministry of Higher Education, Afghanistan. Online meeting with Kazakhstan Minister of Science and Higher Education; joint research, visiting professors and capacity-building for Afghan faculty. 28 Jawza 1405 (18 June 2026).
\nhttps:\/\/www.mohe.gov.af\/fa-AF\/news\/news-108<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[10] UNESCO. Status of Private Higher Education Universities\/Institutes in Afghanistan. Published 9 October 2024; updated 29 March 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/status-private-higher-education-universities\/institutes-afghanistan<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[11] Ministry of Education, Afghanistan. 129 vacant teacher posts in 14 districts of Kabul. 24 August 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.moe.gov.af\/en\/node\/8646<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[12] UNESCO. Afghanistan Education Situation Report 2025. Quality of Education \/ Teacher Training and Development (mentoring, peer learning, DANISH digital platform).
\nhttps:\/\/articles.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/medias\/fichiers\/2025\/10\/Afghanistan-eduction-situation-report-2025.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[13] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Telemedicine professional post description; coordination with internal and external specialist centres. 12 October 2024.
\nhttps:\/\/moph.gov.af\/en\/node\/5238<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[14] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. MoPH Holds Telemedicine Consultation Session to Strengthen Orthopedic Care. 8 July 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.moph.gov.af\/en\/moph-holds-telemedicine-consultation-session-strengthen-orthopedic-care<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[15] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Doctors of Rahman medical mission with 12 doctors from several countries. 2 February 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/moph.gov.af\/en\/through-continuous-efforts-and-coordination-ministry-public-health%E2%80%99s-directorate-international<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[16] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Minister Noor Jalal Jalali meeting with Chinese Ambassador Zhao Xing. 31 March 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/moph.gov.af\/en\/minister-public-health-islamic-emirate-afghanistan-noor-jalal-jalali-held-meeting-chinese<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[17] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Meeting with officials of a Turkish charity foundation operating in the health sector; specialized training cooperation. 24 February 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.moph.gov.af\/en\/his-official-office-mawlawi-noor-jalal-jalali-minister-public-health-iea-held-meeting-officials<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[18] Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Mawlawi Noor Jalal Jalali Meets Dmitry Zhirnov to Boost Afghanistan-Russia Health Cooperation. 22 April 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.moph.gov.af\/en\/mawlawi-noor-jalal-jalali-meets-dmitry-zhirnov-boost-afghanistan%E2%80%93russia-health-cooperation<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[19] Phan, L. H. \u201cAcademic Diaspora, Transnational Education-Driven Mobilities, and the Nation State.\u201d Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. 2023. DOI: 10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264093.013.1813.
\nhttps:\/\/academic.oup.com\/edited-volume\/61768\/chapter-abstract\/553531507<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[20] Larner, W. \u201cGlobalising knowledge networks: Universities, diaspora strategies, and academic intermediaries.\u201d Geoforum 59 (2015): 197-205. DOI: 10.1016\/j.geoforum.2014.10.006.
\nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001671851400222X<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[21] Ito, R., Chavarro, D., Ciarli, T., Cowan, R., & Visentin, F. (2025). \u201cFrom drains to bridges: The role of internationally mobile PhD students in linking non-mobile with foreign scientists.\u201d Journal of Development Economics, 177, 103577. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2025.103577.
\nhttps:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304387825001282<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[22] Prieto, J., Matiz-Rubio, N., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., et al. (2026). \u201cScientific diasporas in global biodiversity governance: brain circulation, linkage, and knowledge brokerage in Colombia.\u201d Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 11,\u00a01844103<\/span>. DOI: 10.3389\/frma.2026.1844103.
\nhttps:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/research-metrics-and-analytics\/articles\/10.3389\/frma.2026.1844103\/full<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[23] UNESCO. Building capacity for policy-making in science, technology and innovation.
\nhttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/science-technology-and-innovation\/capacity-building<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[24] UNESCO. Multilingualism: language, knowledge societies and self-identification.
\nhttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/ifap\/multilingualism<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[25] UNESCO. Languages matter: Global guidance on multilingual education. 2025; updated 22 July 2026.
\nhttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/languages-matter-global-guidance-multilingual-education<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[26] UNESCO. Recommendation on Open Science. Adopted 23 November 2021. The Recommendation emphasizes multilingual scientific knowledge, capacity building, equitable participation and international cooperation to reduce scientific, technological and knowledge gaps.
\nhttps:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/legal-affairs\/recommendation-open-science<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[27] OECD. Benchmarking Higher Education System Performance, section 5.5.2: Brain drain, brain gain and brain circulation. 2019.
\nhttps:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/benchmarking-higher-education-system-performance_be5514d7-en\/full-report\/component-9.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u062a MD., PhD<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0647:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u00a0Donate Here<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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