{"id":187211,"date":"2026-06-26T06:34:55","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T06:34:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=187211"},"modified":"2026-06-26T06:34:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-26T06:34:55","slug":"%d9%87%d9%86%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%a8%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%d9%88-%d8%b1%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2-%d9%87%d9%86%d8%b1-%d9%88-%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%a8%d8%a7%db%8c%db%8c-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%aa-%db%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=187211","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u06f4)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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(<\/span>\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0637\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0634\u0641\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 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\u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span> \u067e\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0647 \u0627<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0686\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0632\u0627\u0641 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0648\u06cc\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0646\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0647\u0631<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0647 \u0627<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/span> \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0641<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0627<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0631 <\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u060c<\/span><\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a <\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0628\u0642<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>Prof. W.A.Lewis<\/span>)<\/span>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0631\u0634\u062f <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>growth<\/span>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Progress<\/span>\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Development<\/span>) <\/span>\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0632\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\/<\/span>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\/<\/span>\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span> \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0647\u0631\u062f\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>Baldwin<\/span>) <\/span>\u0648\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.( <\/span>Amartya Sen<\/span>) <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Development can be seen\u2026 as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>Claim Clark<\/span>) <\/span>\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span>Welfare<\/span>) <\/span>\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>Buchanan<\/span>) <\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>Ellis<\/span>) <\/span>\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/span>\u06cc<\/span><\/span>\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u062a <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c <\/span><\/span>\u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0648<\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u06cc<\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0633<\/span><\/span> \u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a<\/span><\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span> \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u062f\u0631 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06cc<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u06cc<\/span><\/span> \u0631\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u06cc\u061b \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06cc \u0647\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc <\/span><\/span>\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u06af<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

( <\/span>\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u0647\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0645)<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n