{"id":186389,"date":"2026-05-27T14:25:19","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T14:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=186389"},"modified":"2026-05-27T14:25:19","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T14:25:19","slug":"%d9%87%d8%ba%d9%87-%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%be%d9%88%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%86%db%90-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%86%d9%88%d9%85-%db%8c%db%90-%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=186389","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06d0- \u067e\u0646\u0681\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\" 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data-contrast=\"auto\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648\u00a0\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06d0\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062a\u0631<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u063a\u06cc\u0632\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u060c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u062b\u00a0\u0634\u0648\u06d0.\u00a0\u062e\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u06cc\u0627<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a\/ \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc\u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0647<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0686\u06d0\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062a\/ \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0645\u0648\u0646\u067c\u00a0\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u067c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mountstuart Elphinstone\u00a0:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc\u00a0\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0631\u0648\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u00ab\u00a0An\u00a0Account\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Kingdom\u00a0of\u00a0Caubul\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0647. \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u069a\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u06a9\u0693 \u00ab\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647.\u00a0\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u00a0\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u06a9\u0647\u00a0\u062f\u00a0\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06a9\u0648\u060c\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u062c\u06a9\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u00a0\u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c\u00a0\u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u00a0\u067c\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648(\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646)\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Louis Dupree:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f \u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a.\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a.\u00a0\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0646\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0685\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u0698\u0628\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thomas Barfield:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u06cc\u0648\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u00ab\u00a0Afghanistan: A\u00a0Cultural\u00a0and\u00a0Political\u00a0History\u00bb\u00a0\u06a9\u06d0 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u00a0\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a.\u00a0\u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u00a0\u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u0647.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Barnett Rubin:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u00ab\u00a0The\u00a0Fragmentation\u00a0of\u00a0Afghanistan\u00bb\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0693\u06cc\u00a0\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0685\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u00a0\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0640\u0640 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u00a0\u067e\u0647\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0648 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681 \u067e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(Orientalists)\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u0647\u0645\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0\u00a0\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0634\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0686\u06d0\u00a0\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u00a0\u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u00a0\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06d0\u00a0\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0647\u00a0\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0\u00a0\u062f\u00a0\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062e\u0648\u00a0\u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u00a0\u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u067e\u0647\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u062a\u00a0\u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a\u00a0\u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0647\u0645\u00a0\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u0686\u06d0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00ab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627\u00a0\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u062f\u00a0\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u0647<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0641\u00a0\u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0633\u067e\u0648\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f0 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0648\u0648.\u00a0\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u00ab\u00a0Agricultural\u00a0Afghanistan\u00bb\u00a0\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0647\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> M. Oransky:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06a9\u064a\u00a0\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681 \u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u06cd\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u062f \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0. \u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0648\u00a0\u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u00a0\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u06a9\u0647\u00a0\u062f\u00a0\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u067e\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0.\u00a0\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u00a0\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u00a0\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u00a0\u067e\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0646\u00a0\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0681 \u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u0681 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0681 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u0648\u06ab\u0631\u0681\u06cc\u062f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Joseph Pierre Ferrier\u060c<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Jules Barth\u00e9lemy-Saint-Hilaire<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u060c\u00a0Ren\u00e9\u00a0Grousset<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Olivier Roy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0648\u00a0\u0647\u0645\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u00a0\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a \u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u00a0\u06a9\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u062f \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u064a\u06d0\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u067c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a \u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u00a0\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u064a:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Giuseppe Tucci<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Angelo Michele Piemontese<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Piemontese<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cristoforo Negri<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c\u00a0\u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u00a0 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u00a0\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u00a0\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u067c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0698\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u064a\/ \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u060c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u06d0:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u06cc\u06a9\u00a0\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u06ab\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u00a0\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f\u0631\u00a0\u06ab\u0634\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u00a0\u06ab\u0634\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u062f\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u062e\u067c\u0648\u00a0\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0693\u0647<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0622\u0631\u0647<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0648\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u0693\u06cd\u00a0\u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u0693\u0647<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u062f \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f6 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0645\u06cd\u00a0\u06f2\u06f7 \u0645\u0647<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u0633\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0685\u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0632\u06cc<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"hILxDNiRgH\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=186366\">\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0681\u063a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \/\u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0681\u063a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0647 \/\u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647\u201d \u2014 DawatMedia24\" 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\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u00a0\u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0647\u00a0\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u062b\u00a0\u0634\u0648\u06d0.\u00a0\u062e\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u00a0\u00ab\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":116578,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1130,11],"tags":[172],"class_list":["post-186389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1130","category-11","tag-172"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f 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