{"id":185655,"date":"2026-05-02T18:38:40","date_gmt":"2026-05-02T18:38:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=185655"},"modified":"2026-05-02T18:38:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T18:38:40","slug":"%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d8%af%d9%86%d8%af%db%90-%d8%a7%d9%88-%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ab%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%be%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=185655","title":{"rendered":"\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"rtl\">\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647:<\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0634\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, p. 18). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u06cd\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u06bc\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u0648 (McNamara, 2009, pp. 63\u201365). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644\u2014\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cd\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, p. 69). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f1. \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0686\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a (Central Board of Secondary Education [CBSE], n.d., p. 2). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0685\u0631\u06ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0646\u06cd \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u067c\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a\u060c \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0648\u064a (CBSE, n.d., pp. 3\u20134). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f2. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0628\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u06ab\u0689\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a (CBSE, n.d., p. 6). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a. \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u069a\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u064a (CBSE, n.d., pp. 6\u20137). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f3. \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0\u060c \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06ab\u0689 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u064a. \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0685\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647 (CBSE, n.d., p. 17). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06d0\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u067c\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0645 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc (McNamara, 2009, pp. 64\u201366). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f4. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u064a (CBSE, n.d., p. 9). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644\u062f\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u063a\u0681\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u0693\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0634\u064a (CBSE, n.d., pp. 9\u201311). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a. \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 staffing \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, p. 69; McNamara, 2009, p. 66). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f5. \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0645\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b \u062e\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (CBSE, n.d., p. 11). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 leading \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u0685\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062f \u0634\u062e\u0693\u0648 \u062f \u062d\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0685\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u06a9\u064a \u0698\u0645\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u0634\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, p. 18; McNamara, 2009, p. 64). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f6. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06ab\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u06cc (CBSE, n.d., p. 14). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647. \u0646\u0648 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0647\u0645 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, pp. 14, 18; McNamara, 2009, p. 64). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u06f7. \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a \u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0689\u06ab\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, pp. 11, 18, 69). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0689\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u067e\u0693\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u064a (McNamara, 2009, pp. 65\u201366). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><strong>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647:<\/strong><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u06cc. \u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0647. \u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u063a\u0648 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a (Bright &amp; Cortes, 2019, p. 18; CBSE, n.d., p. 2). Source<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\u062f \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Bright, D. S., &amp; Cortes, A. H. (2019). Principles of management. OpenStax.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/principles-of-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/principles-of-management&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1777833373545000&amp;usg=AOvVaw07mLTo4HVjVYlNHlTdKGEK\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/<wbr \/>books\/principles-of-management<\/a><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Central Board of Secondary Education. (n.d.). Unit 3\u2014Functions of management.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cbseacademic.nic.in\/web_material\/Curriculum21\/publication\/srsec\/UNIT3_BA_XII.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/cbseacademic.nic.in\/web_material\/Curriculum21\/publication\/srsec\/UNIT3_BA_XII.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1777833373545000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3mIDSoeGK8KvBphgW9Et8s\">https:\/\/cbseacademic.nic.in\/<wbr \/>web_material\/Curriculum21\/<wbr \/>publication\/srsec\/UNIT3_BA_<wbr \/>XII.pdf<\/a><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">McNamara, D. E. (2009). From Fayol\u2019s mechanistic to today\u2019s organic functions of management. American Journal of Business Education, 2(1), 63\u201378.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1052767.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1052767.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1777833373545000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1GLsTA2uR2L_H4y8t3g5kO\">https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/<wbr \/>fulltext\/EJ1052767.pdf<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Px2WCFCXfO\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=185491\">\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a&#8221; &#8212; DawatMedia24\" src=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=185491&#038;embed=true#?secret=zAxDBMz6yA#?secret=Px2WCFCXfO\" data-secret=\"Px2WCFCXfO\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0647:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dawatmedia24.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-177249 aligncenter b-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/logo-english-dawat-300x117.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/logo-english-dawat-300x117.jpg 300w, https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/logo-english-dawat.jpg 405w\" alt=\"\" width=\"169\" height=\"66\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/donate.stripe.com\/5kQcN56m53Pgapae234Rq00\"><strong>Donate Here<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647: \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0645\u062e\u062a\u06ab \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062f \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0646\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a. 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