{"id":184867,"date":"2026-04-09T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-09T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=184867"},"modified":"2026-04-09T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T09:00:00","slug":"%da%a9%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%85%d9%86%da%ab%d9%87-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=184867","title":{"rendered":"\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"m#msg-f:1861943782040384656\" class=\"mail-message expanded\">\n<div id=\"m#msg-f:1861943782040384656-header\" class=\"mail-message-header spacer\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"m#msg-f:1861943782040384656-content\" class=\"mail-message-content collapsible zoom-normal mail-show-images \">\n<div class=\"clear\">\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div class=\"gmail_quote\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u0645\u0693 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u061f \u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0626 \u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1. \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0696\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 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\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 (H\u2082O)\u00a0\u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u00a0\u00a0\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u064a\u00a0(\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u064a)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0646\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3. \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0634\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0686\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u0646\u0693\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u06a9\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u0648\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4. \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u0633\u0696\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0628: \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0634\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0628 \u0648\u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0681\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647\u00a0\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u064a \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u00a0\u06a9\u0628 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 (Gills) \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06a9\u0628 \u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0646\u0631\u06cd\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06bc\u06d0 \u062f\u064a \u2014 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0647\u00a0\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u00a0\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1. \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u0681\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u0681\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0681\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u2192 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u2192 \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2. \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0631\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0689\u06a9 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0689\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062f (CO\u2082) \u2192 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0681\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc .<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3. \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4. \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628 \u0648\u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0681\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u06cd \u067e\u0627\u06bc\u06d0 (\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633) \u0648\u0686\u06d0 \u0634\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u067e\u0646\u062c (\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0646\u062c)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u064a \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0686 \u0634\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u06a9 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u200c\u06ab\u067c\u06d0 \u0634\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0637\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u00a0\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0645 :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u00a0\u06a9\u0628 \u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1. \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a (Structure of Gills)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u06a9\u0628 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u2022 Gill filaments\u00a0(\u0646\u0631\u06cd \u0685\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u2022 Lamellae\u00a0(\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06bc\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0689\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u06bc\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cd \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u06f2. \u062f \u06ab\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647 (Gas Exchange)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0Diffusion (\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0648:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0689\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0681\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3. \u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 (Countercurrent System)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0648 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u069a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a: \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0Countercurrent Exchange<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u06cc\u06d0 \u0685\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u062a\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062a\u0631 \u06f8\u06f0\u2013\u06f9\u06f0\u066a \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4. \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0681\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">1. \u0648\u0686\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc (Drying)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc) \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2. Collapse (\u0631\u0627\u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u0644)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0631\u06cd \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u069a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">3. Surface Area \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0647 \u0681\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f5. \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067c\u06a9\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0648:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u06a9\u0628 \u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u00a0\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0628 \u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0646\u0689\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f Diffusion \u0627\u0648 Countercurrent Exchange \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u062f \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u069a\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u2022 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0686 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"m#msg-f:1861943782040384656-footer\" class=\"mail-message-footer spacer collapsible\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u0645\u0693 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u061f \u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0626 \u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u061f \u06f1. \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u061f \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0696\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u06cc \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06cc \u063a\u0693\u06cc \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0686\u06d0\u00a0\u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 (Gills)\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a. \u06ab\u06cc\u0644\u0633 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":83412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[12444],"class_list":["post-184867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-13","tag-12444"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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