{"id":182771,"date":"2026-02-03T10:25:19","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T10:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=182771"},"modified":"2026-02-03T10:25:19","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T10:25:19","slug":"%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b5%d8%a8-%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%af-%d9%bc%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%db%90-%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b2%da%9a%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=182771","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u0646\u0689 \u062f\u06cc\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<blockquote>\n<div 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\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0648 (\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648) \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06bc\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0648 \u0632\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u0646\u0689 \u062f\u06cc\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u06a9\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u06d0\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0646\u0689 \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u06d0 ( \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f1.\u06f2 \u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u064a (\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647)<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u2013\u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0628\u06bc\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u06d0 (Qualitative Analysis) \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06d0\/\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u062a\u2013\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u064a (Allport, 1954\u061b Tajfel &amp; Turner, 1979).<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f (Quantitative Analysis) \u201c\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u201d \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u06cc (\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0693\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u064a).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f2. \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2.\u06f1 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 (National Values)<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u06ab\u0689 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 (\u0639\u062f\u0644)\u060c \u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0631\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 (\u0645\u0646\u0681\u06ab\u0693\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0628\/\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u062d\u0644)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 (\u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 (\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631). \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0686\u0644\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06ab\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u0644\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u200c\u067e\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 (Inglehart &amp; Welzel, 2005\u061b Rawls, 1971).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 (\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u061f):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u062f \u201c\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u067c\u06d0\u201d \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u062f \u201c\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u201d \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2.\u06f2 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a (National Unity)<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u062f \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0698\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u06ab\u0689\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0698\u0645\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc. \u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0631\u06ab\u0647\u060c \u0628\u069a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u063a\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cd \u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 (Social Cohesion) \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0686\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0648\u064a (Putnam, 2007\u061b Durkheim, 1893\/1984).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 (\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u061f):<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u201c\u0645\u0648\u0696\/\u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc\u201d \u0630\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0647 (\u067c\u0627\u067e\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631) \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u067c\u0646 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u061b \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u201c\u0639\u0645\u0644\u201d \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u201c\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u201d \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f2.\u06f3 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a (Sovereignty\/Independence)<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u200c\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u061b \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a (\u0633\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cd) \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641:<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u062a\u06ab\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a (Krasner, 1999).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a: \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cd \u062f \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a: \u062f \u0633\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062f\u062c\u06d0\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u06ab\u0631\u06cd \u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06ab\u06cd \u069a\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a (Sen, 1999).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u064a\/\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a: \u062f \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9 (Berlin, 1969).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\/\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a: \u062f \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u067e\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a\u061b \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a (Rule of Law) \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a: \u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u201c\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u201d \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 (\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u064a\u061f):<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u062f \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u064a\u061b \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f3. \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u06f3.\u06f1 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u06d0\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cd \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f \u062d\u0642\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u200c\u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0681\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0686\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0689\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f3.\u06f2 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\/\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c \u06a9\u06d0<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0647 (Stereotype): \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06d0 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 (Prejudice\/Attitude): \u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0648\u062a\/\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636\u064a \u0686\u0644\u0646\u062f (Discrimination\/Behavior): \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631 (Allport, 1954)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u069a\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u201c\u0689\u0644\u0647\u201d \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0689\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d0 (\u06ab\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644) \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a (Tajfel &amp; Turner, 1979).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f3.\u06f3 \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u069a\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628: \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\/\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0693\u062e\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cd \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0647: \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u06a9\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u067c\u0627\u067e\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636: \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0686\u0644\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647: \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u06ab\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631: \u0648\u0627\u06a9\/\u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f4. \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u06f4.\u06f1 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u06cc\u067c \u06ab\u06bc\u0644. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u2014\u062f \u062d\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u201d\u2014\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u201c\u0642\u0648\u0645\/\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u201d \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u064a. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u067c\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f4.\u06f2 \u0698\u0628\u0646\u06cc 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\u0644\u0648\u0693 \u06cc\u0627 \u067c\u06cc\u067c \u06ab\u06bc\u0644. \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06ab \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u06f4.\u06f1\u06f2 \u0627\u06cc\u0689\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062f \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u062f. \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u064a \u067c\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f5. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 (\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u06f5.\u06f1 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u067c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06ab\u0631\u0681\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0681\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u2014\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u2014\u067e\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u201c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u201d ( \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627) \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u201c\u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u201d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u06ab\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f5.\u06f2 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u06ab\u0689 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067c\u0648\u067c\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u067c\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u062c\u0631\u06ab\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062f \u201c\u0645\u0648\u0696\/\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u201d \u067e\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u06a9\u0631\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u06f5.\u06f3 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u061b \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u064a \u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u06d0\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u06cd:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061b<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u061b<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0641\u06a9\u0631\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u06d0\u060c \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f \u062a\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u067c\u067e\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061b<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647\u200c\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u06f6. \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0686\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u067c (\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u0648\u0646\u0647)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06ab\u06bc\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0689\u0644\u0647\u200c\u06cc\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u2013\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645: \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u06d0\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u201c\u062a\u0631 \u0685\u0648 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u0626\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627\u201d \u062f\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a 49:13).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645: \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u061b \u201c\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0626\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0696\u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u06cc\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 5:8).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b: \u062f \u0639\u0635\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u06cc (Sunan Abi Dawud, 5121).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b: \u062f \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0644 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a (Sahih al-Bukhari, 4905\u061b Sahih Muslim, 2584).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u2014\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u069a\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0631\u0648\u063a\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0648\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a\u2014\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 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\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u06ab\u0689 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a. \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u0646\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u201c\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\u201d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u06d0\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u06bc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0685\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cd \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u0632\u063a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u069a\u062a \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0:<\/p>\n<p>\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u06ab\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062c\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u062f\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0648.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062f \u0639\u0644\u062a\u2013\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u0681\u06cc\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/p>\n<p>\u200b\u2022\u200b\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0631\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u201c\u0627\u062f\u0628\u201d \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u06ab\u06bc\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0693 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u06d0\/\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u06a9\u06d0 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u063a\u0696\u06cd \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u201c\u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u06ab\u0689\u06d0 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0685\u06d0\u201d \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647 (References)<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b1\u200bAllport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b2\u200bBerlin, I. (1969). Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays on Liberty (pp. 118\u2013172). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b3\u200bDurkheim, \u00c9. (1984). The Division of Labor in Society (W. D. Halls, Trans.). The Free Press. (Original work published 1893).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b4\u200bInglehart, R., &amp; Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b5\u200bKrasner, S. D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b6\u200bPutnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century\u2014The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137\u2013174.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b7\u200bRawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b8\u200bSen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Alfred A. Knopf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u200b9\u200bTajfel, H., &amp; Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin &amp; S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33\u201347). Brooks\/Cole.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628) \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\/\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u200b10\u200b\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 13 (49:13).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b11\u200b\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 8 (5:8).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b12\u200b\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u062b. \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0642\u0645 5121.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b13\u200b\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0642\u0645 4905.<\/p>\n<p>\u200b14\u200b\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0642\u0645 2584.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062c) \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u200b15\u200b\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062e\u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 (\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u06bc\u06d0).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b16\u200b\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0689\u0645\u06cd \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u2013 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u06ab\u0689 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 (\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u0693\u06cd\/\u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u06d0).<\/p>\n<p>\u200b17\u200b\u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u06ab\u06bc\u06d0 \u2013 \u062f \u0645\u0644\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u06d0 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a 02.02.2026<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u062a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"JP2BjWymZO\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=182504\">\u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a: \u062f \u06a9\u0689\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u06bc\u0627 (\u062f \u06f3\u06f7 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b)<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a: \u062f \u06a9\u0689\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u06bc\u0627 (\u062f \u06f3\u06f7 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b)&#8221; &#8212; DawatMedia24\" src=\"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=182504&#038;embed=true#?secret=rl5QcdI4iM#?secret=JP2BjWymZO\" data-secret=\"JP2BjWymZO\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0628\u067e\u0627\u06bc\u0647:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div 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