{"id":141261,"date":"2022-04-11T09:31:21","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T09:31:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=141261"},"modified":"2022-04-10T23:37:40","modified_gmt":"2022-04-10T23:37:40","slug":"%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%86%db%90-%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%b2%d8%af%d9%87-%da%a9%da%93%db%90-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b9%d9%87-%da%a9%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b3%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=141261","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u201d\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u201c \u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0638\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644 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href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7NWF-vnwghY\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4m4xPEOg5xE\">Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Nisabe Taleem Keya Qabile Tanqeed Hai-m.salman husaini &#8211; YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0646\u0648\u067c : \u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062f \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0648 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\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u069a\u0681\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u06d0\u0631 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u06a9\u0693 \u0686\u06d0 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06d0\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Questions &amp; Asks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Shaykh Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Dr. (Saykh) Mohammad Akram Nadwi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">One of the questions which I have been always questioned all the time. When I go to India even now people ask me. Can women attend to the prayer to the mosque?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">What actually &#8211; I have seen to books this question has been never questioned in Islam.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">I have got a few women who used to teach hadith in the Hateem. Hateem is basically the Kaaba. It is called Kaaba. They used to teach in the Hateem and the people who were the greatest scholars of the time. They used to attend their class in the Hateem. A few women and they researched that so is there any place more valuable other than the Hateem? The women were allowed to teach there in the 7<sup>th<\/sup> or 8<sup>th<\/sup> century. And the scholars who were judges and Qazis they were sitting next to them, and they learned from them right.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Then I have found a few women in the mosque of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019 were teaching. And they were teaching where the best place you can imagine. One of them were Fatima al-Bataihiyyah \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u2018may Allah have mercy of her\u2019. She died in the 711. And she used to have the highest Isnad of the world in that time. She narrated the whole Sahih al-Bukhari from Abul Hussain al-Zabibi. Hussain Abu Abdulla Hussain ibn\u2014ul-Mubarak al-Zabibi that he taught the whole Sahih al-Bakhari in Damascus in the year of 630 of hijra. She attended all the classes that why her Isnad of the Hadith became very high. She came for the Hajj and she came to Madina and the people asked her to teach the hadith in Madina. Sahih al-Bukhari and other books. And the people who were attended her classes in the mosque of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019 they were scholars, Qazis and judges. And the one who wrote all this down they said she used to sit next to the grave of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019. [Subhanallah! She teches Sahih al-Bukhari in that location] If we were there and we Muslim didn\u2019t have respect to the women so, how could they allow the women to sit next to the grave of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019 and teach there? And not only that they describe further she was not sitting next to the feet of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019. If that happen so we would be so happy. She was sitting next to the head of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019. [Subhanallah!] and she was leaning to the wall of the grave because she a little old. And the people attending to the class she was writing the Ijaza (permission) for everybody with on her own hand. [Subhanallah!] So, women like this were teaching in the mosque of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019. And the three the holy mosques [you know] Masjid-ul-Haram in Mecca, the mosque of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019 and then the third place Masjid-ul-Aqsa. There have been many women from the time of Abu Darda till were teaching. One of them was \u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 when she came in the 7th century. She came to \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u06cc and the people who were attended to her class in \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u06cc the number was very high. The tradition has been to write down all the names for Ijaza. So, I have got the copy of the names. Names that I counted them they were 396 names of the people attended the class. Then the person who writes the names he says there were many-many more and I was not able to write their names. Three hundred and ninety-six he was able to write down their names.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">So, similarly all the big mosques in Syria Damascus like \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0651\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0647 and the same in Egypt all these big mosques and madrasas and colleges I have found all of them were women coming to teach and there were also women attending the class to learn. And now we are opposed the women.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Once I was in Qrawiyyin mosque Morocco \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u201d and they asked me to give a talk there and I said in my talk which was recorded. \u201c<strong>This is the mosque built by the woman.\u201d<\/strong> And for long time people didn\u2019t allow the women even to study there. So, you know this is about what happened. So, the women have been building the mosque and teaching. Many of big books of Islam they have been preserved by the women. You know \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 twenty-five volumes and the narrations which are continues by our time is by the women \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 and many of these women they kept these books. Even actually \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a the highest isnad of the world are in by the women. The sound copy of the \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u00a0is the copy of \u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 which is based. And now I narrated the highest Isnad of the \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a by Isnad which between and the Bukhari are only 14 people because of women. I can narrate this Isnad from my teacher \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 who narrated from \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 who narrated from \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a who narrated from \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a and \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a narrated from \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a and he narrated from his father \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a and he narrated from \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a and he narrated from \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a the teacher of \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a and she was one of the biggest \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0627\u062a of the time and she used to teach in the \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 and underneath of the \u0628\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u00a0that was the place of the best \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062b of the time, and she was the only woman which appointed there \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a and she narrated from \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 who narrated from \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a who narrated from \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0632\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u062c\u0644\u064a) and \u0633\u0650\u0632\u062f\u064a (\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064a) narrated from \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u064a and \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u064a narrated from \u0633\u0631\u062e\u064f\u0633\u064a and \u0633\u0631\u062e\u064f\u0633\u064a narrated from \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a \u00a0and \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a from Bukhari.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Shaykh, the question comes what happened?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">And why do we not have describing scholarship among our females?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">What happened? Was there is colonialism? What the man doing something what is exactly happened?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">No, actually I don\u2019t think it was colonialism or something like that. What happened is that I analysed really in Islamic history whenever teaching of the hadith of the prophet \u2018pbuh\u2019 was powerful in the society then the women were respected and also were allowed in mosques and madrasas to study. Whenever Fiqha and Philosophy became more powerful because Fiqha is always have been influenced by Philosophy. Then the women became discouraged.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">You know Aristotle, Aristotle the master of Greece Philosophy, although I respect him. No doubt, that he is a big man. But you know he used to think like any other people. \u201c<strong>The women are inferior to men.<\/strong>\u201d He was thinking that \u201c<strong>women are not qualified to study and learn<\/strong>\u201d. He used to say that one of the reasons is that \u201c<strong>women are inferior because they have less teeth compared to the men.<\/strong>\u201d. Because Aristotle had two wives. Did he count their teeth? Such a big man that he does research for every single thing. He did not ever research for the teeth of his wives that why he said.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u067e\u06d0\u0698\u0646\u0626\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u067c\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0632\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0645. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0634\u06a9 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0645\u06ab\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u0696\u0626 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">((\u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u067c\u064a\u067c\u06d0 \u062f\u064a. \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u064a.)) \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u064a\u067c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u0631\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06d0. \u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u063a\u0647 (\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648) \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u061f \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0685\u0647 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0685\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0648 \u062f \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u063a\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u06d0.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Since then, you can see the philosophers never encouraged the women. You know Muslim Philosophers and non-Philosophers as well. In my book you can find women from every classic of the society. From their foqaha \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621, mohaddithin \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 and mufassirin \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646. No single lady from the family of any philosopher. [it\u2019s very interesting Shaykh.]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">In later centuries after one thousand years of Islam philosophy became a part of the madrasas curriculum very strongly. When women became inferior then women became discouraged.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/islamonline.net\/en\/women-scholars-of-hadith1\/\">Women Scholars of Hadith &#8211; Part 1 &#8211; IslamOnline<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/themuslimvibe.com\/muslim-lifestyle-matters\/women\/10-inspirational-women-from-islamic-history\">10 Influential Women From Islamic History &#8211; The Muslim Vibe<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/religionmediacentre.org.uk\/factsheets\/women-and-islam\/\">Factsheet: Women and Islam &#8211; Religion Media Centre<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC_18\/X0FJCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT276&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u06f1\u06f8 \u067c\u0648\u06a9<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_4\/QTdJCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT20&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC_36_521_540\/LxQvCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT183&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06f3\u06f6 \u067c\u0648\u06a9 \u06f5\u06f2\u06f1 &#8211; \u06f5\u06f4\u06f0 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC_40_571_580\/ZRovCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT70&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06f4\u06f0 \u067c\u0648\u06a9 \u06f5\u06f7\u06f1 &#8211; \u06f5\u06f8\u06f0 \u0645\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ekb.eg\/article_160835_e03f93e7774f79e4953883e5d67706bc.pdf\">\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a ..<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ekb.eg\/article_160835_e03f93e7774f79e4953883e5d67706bc.pdf\">\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 ((\u0639\u0644\u0645)) \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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((\u0648\u0627\u0630\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0650\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0651\u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0645\u0629)) [\u06f1] \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a : ((\u0623\u0645\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0640\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a 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\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 )) [\u06f3]. \u0648\u0644\u0640\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0640\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 :\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 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\u0630\u0644\u0640\u0643 (\u06f5).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a: \u0647\u063a\u0647 ((\u062e\u062f\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0628\u0631\u06cc)) \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u0646\u06cd \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u067e\u064a\u0633\u0648) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 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dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0640\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0640\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u06f5).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u06f6).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc : \u0645\u06a9\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u06a9\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3\u06f8\u06f5 &#8211; \u06f4\u06f6\u06f3 \u0647\u0640 = \u06f9\u06f7\u06f5 &#8211; \u06f1\u06f0\u06f7\u06f0 \u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0647\u063a\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u062f \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0685\u069a\u062a\u0646<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u0645<\/strong><strong>\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0647 \u062f\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0686\u06d0<\/strong><strong> \u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f <\/strong><strong>\u064a\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u06a9\u0693 \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u067e\u06d0\u063a\u0644\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0693\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><strong> \u062a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062e \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u062f <\/strong><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0686\u0648\u067e\u0693 (<\/strong><strong>\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><strong> \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f &#8220;\u0639\u0632\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0648\u0631&#8221; \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u06cc <\/strong><strong>\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0648. \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06a9<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0647 \u0646<\/strong><strong>\u0698<\/strong><strong>\u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a<\/strong><strong> \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u060c \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 (\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633) \u06a9\u06d0<\/strong><strong> \u062a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u0631 \u06a9\u0693 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0644\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647\u060c \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0646<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u069a\u0648<\/strong><strong> \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u062f<\/strong><strong>\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0634\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0647<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u069a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u0647 \u0648\u0647<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0648<\/strong><strong> \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a <\/strong><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u064a\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0693<\/strong><strong> \u067e\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062f\u0648<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u069a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cd \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0685\u0648\u06a9 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u060c<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u06ab\u0631 \u062f\u0627 <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u06ab\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0644\u064a<\/strong><strong> \u0686\u06d0<\/strong><strong> : <\/strong><strong>\u0647\u063a\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0634<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0646<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u06a9\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u062f ((\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0693 \u0685\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0645\u0648\u0631<\/strong><strong>))<\/strong><strong> \u06a9\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632<\/strong><strong>\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f \u062e\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0648\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u0647<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0644\u0647<\/strong> <strong>\u062e\u067e\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0644 \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong> <strong>\u062f \u0646<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u06a9\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0642<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0646\u06ab \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0648 <\/strong><strong>\u0630\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u062a<\/strong> <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0647. \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0685\u0648 \u0681\u0644\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d&#8221; \u0631\u0648\u0627<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062a \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc: <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0648 \u0681\u0644 <\/strong><strong>\u064a\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0628 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/strong><strong>\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u067e\u06d0\u063a\u0644\u0647<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0693\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0647<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u0685\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0648<\/strong><strong> \u06a9\u0693<\/strong><strong>\u06cc. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645<\/strong><strong>\u0639<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u064a\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>: \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u062e\u067e\u0644 <\/strong><strong>\u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u06d0 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u060c \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0644<\/strong><strong> ((<\/strong><strong> \u0622<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0627 \u062f \u06a9\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u069a\u0681\u0647 \u0686\u0627 \u0644<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062f\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u061f<\/strong><strong>))<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0648\u064a\u0644 <\/strong><strong>: \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u06d0 <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 \u06a9\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0644 <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong> <strong>: <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0627<\/strong><strong> \u0647\u06d0\u0685\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0631 <\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0 <\/strong>\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0647 \u062f \u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u0647.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631 (\u0634\u064a\u062e) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0645 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0648 (\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648) \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06d0. \u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u0633\u067e\u06d0\u0685\u0644\u0648 \u0681\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0646\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0631\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u06d0 ((<\/strong><strong>\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647\u0627<\/strong><strong>)) :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0640\u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0634\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0640\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0640\u062f<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u0627\u06ab\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u06d0 ((\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627)) :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0640\u0648\u0630\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u06d0 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06d0 [\u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629] \u0646\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0 \u0681\u064a\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u0631\u06ab\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 (\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\/\u0634\u0627\u06ab\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648) \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0645\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0686\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0647 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0626 \/ \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0626.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0661 -\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0662 -\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0663 -\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u0638\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0664 -\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0665 -\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0666 -\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0646\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0640\u062f\u0649\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0667 -\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0626 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0668 -\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0669 -\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0660-\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u063a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0661-\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0662-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0663-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0664-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0665-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0633\u064a \u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0661\u0666-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0667-\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0668-\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1\u0669-\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0660-\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0661 -\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0640\u0631\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0662-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0663-\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0664-\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0665-\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0666-\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0640\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0667-\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0668-\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2\u0669-\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3\u0660-\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0640\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0640\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3\u06f1-\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">=-=-=-=-=-=-=<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645 : \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taraajem.com\/persons\/115394\"><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a -\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649- \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0626\u0629<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0629<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a (\u0635) \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u06d0\u063a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062f \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062a\u06a9\u064a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u0647\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0628\u0648\u0689\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0637 \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0647. \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u064a\u06d0 \u0685\u0648\u06a9 \u062f \u067e\u069a\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0685\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"http:\/\/shiaonlinelibrary.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8\/3305_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A2%D9%A3\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_53\">\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taraajem.com\/persons\/115394\">\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 (taraajem.com)<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.islamweb.net\/ar\/library\/index.php?page=bookcontents&amp;ID=5947&amp;bk_no=60&amp;flag=1\">\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0628 &#8211; \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064523 (islamweb.net)<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC_23\/o0VLCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT53&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 &#8211; \u062c 23 &#8211; Google Books<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC_25\/yP5LCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&amp;pg=PT654&amp;printsec=frontcover\">\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 &#8211; \u062c 25 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 2 &#8211; Google Books<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ketabonline.com\/ar\/books\/14\/read?part=4&amp;page=2175&amp;index=3006368\/3006371\">\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 | \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 4 | \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 26 | \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 | \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 | \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 (ketabonline.com)<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shamela.ws\/book\/131\/2174\">\u063526 &#8211; \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 &#8211; \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (shamela.ws)<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631\u06d0\u064a\u0645 : \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u06cc<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u064f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u069a\u0627\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u064f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 <strong>\u06f3\u06f9\u06f6<\/strong> \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0644. \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 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\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06f5\u06f4\u06f4 \u0647\u0640\/\u06f1\u06f1\u06f4\u06f9 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06f6\u06f2\u06f0 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f2\u06f2\u06f3 \u0645 (\u06f1\u06f8).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06f5\u06f8\u06f3 \u00a0\u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f1\u06f8\u06f7 \u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f7\u06f4\u06f1 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f3\u06f4\u06f0 \u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u06f7\u06f4\u06f5 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f3\u06f4\u06f4 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 (\u06f2\u06f4).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u06f7\u06f5\u06f5 \u0647\u0640\/ \u06f1\u06f3\u06f5\u06f7 \u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u06f7\u06f8\u06f2 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f3\u06f8\u06f0\u0645 (\u06f2\u06f5).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a: \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06f7\u06f6\u06f3 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f1 \u0645 (\u06f2\u06f6).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06f7\u06f6\u06f8 \u0647\u0640\/ \u0645 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f6 \u0645 (\u06f2\u06f7).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06f8\u06f3\u06f6 \u0647\u0640\/ \u0645\u06f1\u06f4\u06f3\u06f2 \u0645 (\u06f2\u06f8).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">. &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u06f8\u06f4\u06f0 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f4\u06f3\u06f6 \u0645 (\u06f2\u06f9).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 (\u06f4\u06f4\u06f0) \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u06f5\u06f8\u06f3 \u0647\u0640 \/ \u06f1\u06f1\u06f8\u06f7 \u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06f9\u06f0\u06f0 \u0647\u0640\/ \u06f1\u06f4\u06f9\u06f1 \u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9#cite_note-:2-2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0634\u062alz \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1\">\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9\">\u0645\u0643\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A\">\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a<\/a>:\u00a0((\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647&#8230;. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u062f. \u0631\u0648\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d&#8221; \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627.))<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631: \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062e\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3\">\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9\">\u0645\u0643\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 (wikipedia.org)<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Of all the things Aristotle wrote, one of the things he is most often criticized for is the claim that males have more teeth than females. Aristotle writes in his\u00a0<em>History of Animals\u00a0<\/em>509b (2.3.13):<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201c\u1f1c\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u1ff6\u03bd\u0387 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03af \u03c0\u03c9.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This means, in my own translation:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cAnd the males have more teeth than the females in humans, in sheep, in goats, and in swine; and in the other species the observation has not been made yet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">As most people already know, this claim is incorrect; men have exactly the same number of teeth as women.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Aristotle has been lambasted for reporting this false information. The British philosopher Bertrand Russell is particularly known for mocking Aristotle\u2019s claim about women having fewer teeth than men. Russell wrote in his book\u00a0<em>The Impact of Science on Society<\/em>, originally published in 1952:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cAristotle maintained that women have fewer teeth than men; although he was twice married, it never occurred to him to verify this statement by examining his wives\u2019 mouths.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0685\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u064a \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u06f5\u06f0\u06f9 \u0628 (\u06f2.\u06f3.\u06f1\u06f3) \u06a9\u06d0 \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">&#8220;\u1f1c\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u1ff6\u03bd \u00b7 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03af \u03c0\u03c9.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0647 :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">((\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062e\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u00a0\u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0647.))<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 (\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627) \u062f\u0647\u061b \u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc. \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u067c\u0631\u0646\u0689 \u0631\u0633\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0693\u064a\u0648 (\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0696 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc. \u0631\u0633\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 ((\u067e\u0631 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u063a\u06d0\u0632)) \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 1952 \u0632 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062e\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u064a\u06a9\u0644\u064a :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u064a\u0648 (\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0647) \u06a9\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u06ab\u0631 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0681\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0644\u0631\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0685\u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0686 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc. \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u069a\u0681\u0648 (\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0648) \u062f \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u069a\u0681\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0646\u064a\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u064a\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0646\u064a\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u064a\u0696\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u06ab\u0631\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The textbook\u00a0<em>Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History<\/em>\u00a0by Pomeroy\u00a0<em>et al.\u00a0<\/em>turns Russell\u2019s comment about Aristotle and women\u2019s teeth into a savage burn about Aristotle\u2019s views on women:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cAt times, Aristotle\u2019s powers of observation deserted him when women were their subject. The twentieth-century philosopher Bertrand Russell quipped that Aristotle would not have claimed that women had fewer teeth than men if he had allowed his wife to open her mouth\u201d (page 401 in the fourth edition).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Aristotle\u2019s critics are certainly correct that he could have easily checked to verify whether women really had fewer teeth than men. Nonetheless, I think much of this criticism is rather unfair. Aristotle is routinely portrayed as an overconfident buffoon, but he was clearly relying on a report he had heard from someone else that he thought was based on observation. Aristotle evidently assumed that the report was correct and did not bother to verify it for himself.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Now, we might blame Aristotle for not bothering to verify the report himself, but, honestly, I don\u2019t really blame him for not asking his wife to open her mouth so he could count how many teeth she had. After all, looking in someone else\u2019s mouth and counting their teeth is\u00a0<em>really weird<\/em>. I can only imagine how awkward that would be, both for Aristotle and for his wife.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Indeed, I seriously doubt that Bertrand Russell personally counted his own teeth and his wife\u2019s teeth to make sure that they really had the same number of teeth. I strongly suspect Russell did exactly the same thing as Aristotle; he heard a report that men and women had the same number of teeth and he assumed that it was true.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The only real difference between Aristotle and Bertrand Russell in this regard is that the report Russell heard happened to be correct and the report Aristotle heard happened to be wrong.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">It\u2019s also worth noting here that Peter Gainsford, a classicist from New Zealand,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/kiwihellenist.blogspot.com\/2017\/09\/aristotles-errors.html\">went through and fact-checked every single statement<\/a>\u00a0in Aristotle\u2019s chapter on teeth and found that Aristotle was actually correct the vast majority of the time. Aristotle got stuff wrong occasionally, but, when it comes to science, he was actually right far more often than he was wrong.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>6 Things Aristotle Got Wrong<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Women are monstrous. Aristotle says that women have fewer teeth than men.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Some people deserve to be slaves. Fourth-century Athens ran on slaves. &#8230;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Eels don&#8217;t reproduce. Eels are problem for Aristotle. &#8230;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">The eternity of the world. &#8230;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">There&#8217;s life out there. &#8230;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">How bees reproduce.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0634\u067e\u0696 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u063a\u0644\u0637) \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc :<\/strong> <strong>\u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u0634<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0681\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0696 <\/strong><strong>\u063a\u0627\u069a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645 :<\/strong> <strong>\u0681<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0646\u06d0 \u062e\u0644\u06a9 \u062f \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cd <\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0693 (<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><strong> \u062f\u064a<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u062f \u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645\u06d0 \u067e<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u062a\u069a\u062a<\/strong><strong>\u06d0<\/strong><strong>\u062f<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u06d0\u064a\u0645 :<\/strong> <strong>\u0627<\/strong><strong>\u064a\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0644 \u0628<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><strong> Eels <\/strong><strong>\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0685\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645 :<\/strong> <strong>\u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cd<\/strong><strong> \u062a\u0644\u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/strong> <strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0628\u062f<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u062a<\/strong><strong>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u067e\u064a\u0646\u0681\u0645 :<\/strong> <strong>\u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062a\u0647<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u0634\u067e\u0696\u0645 :<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0686\u06cd \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 <\/strong><strong>\u0689\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0696\u064a (<\/strong><strong>\u062a\u06a9\u062b<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u064a<\/strong><strong>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/6-things-aristotle-got-wr_b_5920840\">6 Things Aristotle Got Wrong | HuffPost Entertainment<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u064a\u0689\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cd \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u06cc :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u067c\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u06ab\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><strong>((\u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0634\u067e\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0696 \u0685\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0693\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u069a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06d0\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u0648 \u062f \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u067c\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u06ab\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u064a <\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u069a\u0647 \u0634\u06d0\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0644)).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0696 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0648\u06a9\u0693 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u06cd \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u062e\u0648 \u062f\u062f\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0693\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u069a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0693 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u067e\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0693\u0648.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u064a :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u062f 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