{"id":134152,"date":"2021-09-30T10:09:08","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T10:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=134152"},"modified":"2021-09-30T10:09:08","modified_gmt":"2021-09-30T10:09:08","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af-%db%8c%d8%a7-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82-%db%b2%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%ae%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/af.dawatmedia24.com\/?p=134152","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 -\u06f2\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642<\/span><\/span> (\u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644- \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Kalk\u00fcltypen und logische Verfahren<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u00a0 <\/span>\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 ( \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>Tautologien<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a) <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u06ab\u0693\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 ( \u0646\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0647) \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u0631 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u069a\u062a\u06a9\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u067c\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u06d0\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u06cd ( \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a)\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u062f <\/span>Reductio ad absurdum<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>( \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u064a: \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u069a\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0681\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u064a \u06cc\u0627\u0647\u0685\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647 <\/span>Negation<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u06d0 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Nichtklassische Logiken<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u0696\u06cc\u0696\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0696 \u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0696\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0685\u06cc\u067e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648( \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \/ \u06cc\u0627 <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 <\/span>Zweiwertigkeit und\/oder Extensionalit\u00e4t<\/span> ) \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0650\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0685\u06cc\u067e\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a.\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0681 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a. ( \u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd: \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u064a: \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f <\/span>Philosophische Logik<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0632\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u2013 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u0648 \u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u06d0<\/span> \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0698\u0628\u0647\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648 \u06ab\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0632\u0648\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0693 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647\u00a0 <\/span>\u067e\u0647 \u0698\u0628\u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06d0\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u062f\u0648\u064a\u00a0 <\/span>\u0689\u06d0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0648 \u0644\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0631\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u064a ( \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d0) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0693\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u00a0 <\/span>\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0648\u06ab\u0627\u0646\u06d0 \u06ab\u06bc\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

—\u00a0 <\/span>\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0648 <\/span>Satzoperatoren<\/span> \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0…..\u060c\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u060c\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 ….\u060c\u060c\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>epistemische Logik<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0bzw. doxastische Logik <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>) <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a:<\/span> \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u06a9: \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0\u060c\u062e\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u064a<\/span>(<\/span> \u062f \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06d0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Deontische Logik<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u06cc\u0627 \u062f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Normenlogik<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0648\u060c \u060c\u060c \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cd\u060c\u060c \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u0644 ( \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 ….) \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Temporale Logik der Aktionen<\/span><\/a><\/span>, die\u00a0<\/span>Quantenlogik<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>temporale Logiken<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u067c\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u067e\u0647<\/span> \u067e\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Intensionale Logiken<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u0627\u06d0\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0698\u0646(<\/span> Extension<\/span>(\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648: \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u0628\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647) \u0646\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 <\/span>Intension<\/span> ( \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647\/ \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647: \u062f \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647) \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Interrogativlogik<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u06d0\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0647\u00a0 <\/span>\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0681 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u067c\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Konditionalsatzlogik<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0645\u067e\u0644\u064a \u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646<\/span>Implikation<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u0631\u0647 \u060c\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u2013 \u0646\u0648\u060c\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Parakonsistente Logiken<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0648\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06d0. \u0644\u0647<\/span> \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 <\/span>Relevanzlogik<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0685 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u06d0\u0645\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646 \u067e\u0647<\/span> \u0681\u0627\u06cc\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u06d0\u067e\u0644\u06d0\u06a9\u06d0\u0634\u0646\u00a0 <\/span>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u06d0 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u064a ( \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd)<\/span><\/p>\n

Intuitionismus, Relevanzlogik und konnexe Logik<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0689\u06d0\u0631\u06d0 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0634\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0681\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u064a\u0696\u064a ( \u06a9\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u06cd: \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u064a\u061f). \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0 <\/span>\u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0647 <\/span>L. E. J. Brouwer<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u06cc<\/span>Intuitionistische Logik<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 <\/span>\u201eduplex-negatio\u201c-Axiom<\/span> (\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0689\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a <\/span>p<\/span> (\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647) \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647<\/span> p \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a ) \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u060c\u060c \u0646\u0647\u060c\u060c \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

(DN<\/span>\u0689\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span>)\u00a0<\/span><\/span>p<\/span><\/span>{\\displaystyle \\neg \\neg p\\Rightarrow p}<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 <\/span>\u201e<\/span>tertium non datur<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u201c<\/span> ( \u062f \u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a:\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>p<\/span> \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0647 <\/span>p<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>(TND)\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\neg p\\lor p}<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0646\u0647<\/span>p \\\/ p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f <\/span>Ingebrigt Johanssons<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u201e<\/span>ex falso quodlibet<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u201c<\/span> ( \u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u069a\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>(EFQ)\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\neg p\\Rightarrow (p\\Rightarrow q)}<\/span><\/span>\"\\neg7p =>( p =>q)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06d0\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f <\/span>Relevanzlogiken<\/span><\/a><\/span> \u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0681\u06d0 \u062f <\/span>\u0628\u06bc\u06d0 <\/span><\/span>\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>p<\/span> \u062f<\/span>q<\/span> \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u06d0\u0644\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u064a <\/span>kausal relevant<\/span> \u062f\u064a<\/span> <\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Implikation#Objektsprachliche Implikationen<\/span><\/a><\/span>)<\/span> ) \u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0631\u06cd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648<\/span> Sequenzenkalk\u00fclen<\/span>\u06a9\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0693 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0693\u0648\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u00a0 <\/span>\u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647<\/span> \u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0627\u0644\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>( (<\/span>7 <\/span>\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647) \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0646\u0647 <\/span>p<\/span>\u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647<\/span> \u0628\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0648 \u0632\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0633\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 <\/span>\u060c\u060c<\/span>7<\/span>\u060c\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0647\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0\u0696\u062f\u0648) \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0\u00a0 <\/span>\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0648\u0693 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a: \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u0647\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>p<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a<\/span> p<\/span>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0628\u0631\u06d0\u069a\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u06a9 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u069a\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u00a0 <\/span>\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d0\u06a9\u0633 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f \u0645\u062e\u0647 – \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u069a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u064a \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u0642\u0636\u06cc\u06d0 \u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0693\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0648\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u064a <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>intuitionistischer<\/span>\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 <\/span>relevanter<\/span> \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u0648 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0647\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0685\u067c \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u06cd \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u0633 <\/span>Konnexe<\/span> \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0693\u06cc\u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u069a\u0648\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0693 \u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0628\u0644 \u00a0<\/span>\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mehrwertige Logik und Fuzzylogik<\/span><\/span> \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nichtmonotone Logiken<\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u0634\u064a\u060c\u00a0 <\/span>\u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0648\u064a: \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u069a\u0648\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u060c \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0693\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u067c\u06a9\u064a \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0693\u064a. \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u064a\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0681\u0646\u064a \u0698\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u06d0 \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062a \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u06d0\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u062f \u0634\u064a. \u062f\u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 ( \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646) \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u060c\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc.\u060c\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0648\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a.\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f\u0627 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062c\u0648\u0693\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0646\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a: \u062f\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u06d0\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u067e\u0648\u0647\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0647 \u0686\u06d0\u00a0 <\/span>\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d0\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u064a \u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0634\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627 \u067c\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0644 <\/span>Konsequenzoperation<\/span> \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0647 \u0681\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 <\/span>Defaults<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span> \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a. \u06cc\u0648 \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9- \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u06d0 \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u06d0 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u064a:\u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c\u00a0 <\/span>\u0648\u0693\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06d0 \u06a9\u06cc<\/span>(prerequisite).<\/span>. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06d0 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 <\/span>(justification) <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0645\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0648: \u060c\u060c \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631 \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u06d0 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e \u0685\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u06d0 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a.\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u060c\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u060c\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06ab\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc.\u060c\u060c \u060c \u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0681\u064a. \u062f <\/span>Default-Schluss<\/span> \u062f \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06d0 (\u00a0 <\/span>\u0645\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647) \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f\u06d0 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u06d0\u062f\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u064a. \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9-\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632\u00a0 <\/span>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc \u0634\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0648\u069a\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0644\u06cc. \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f\u06d0\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9- \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u064a\u0696.\u00a0 <\/span>\u062f\u0627 – \u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u0689\u0644 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a- \u062a\u0644\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>Reitersche Default-Logik<\/span><\/i> \u067e\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u0647 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a ( \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u06a9\u062a\u0644 \u0634\u064a).<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

\u067e\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a.<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u064a \u0631\u0648\u069a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/i>Affekt\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644. \u069a\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0: \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0647( \u0628\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u062a\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0685\u062e\u0647)<\/span><\/p>\n

Aussagen<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

Axiomatische<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Logikkalk\u00fcle<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u06cc\u0627 \u069a\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0633\u067c \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 <\/span>Argument<\/span> )<\/span><\/p>\n

Aspekten<\/span>\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0644\u067c\u06a9\u06cc\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Extensionalit\u00e4t<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062e\u06d0\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n

Folgerichtigkeit<\/span><\/b> \u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/span><\/p>\n

Formale<\/span> \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Intuition<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span> : <\/span>\u067c\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06bc\u0647: \u00a0<\/span>\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u0634\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0696\u064a. \u0628\u06d0\u0644\u06ab\u0647: \u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06cc\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u06ab\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0632\u0693\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc ( \u067e\u0647 \u0642\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06cc). \u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u062e \u0648\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u060c \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062a\u0646 \u0681\u0627\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u063a\u0696 \u06cc\u0648\u06ab\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06d0 \u0646\u0647 \u0685\u06d0\u0693\u06d0.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Kalk\u00fcl<\/span> \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644<\/span>\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a: <\/span>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Kategori<\/span> (\u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 — \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648 ) : \u06cc\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 ( \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648) \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0689\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062a\u0693\u0644\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 — \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648<\/span> \u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Pr\u00e4dikatenlogik<\/span> ( \u067e\u0631\u06d0\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u062a:\u062f \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06d0\u069a\u062a \u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647) <\/span><\/p>\n

Quantor<\/span> \u062f\u0627 \u062f \u06cc\u0648 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u067e\u060c\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647\u067c\u0627\u06a9\u0644\u06d0 \u0646\u062e\u069a\u06d0 \u062f\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Schlussfolgern<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0693\u0646\u0647 . \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a: \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a: <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

\u067e\u0633\u06d0:\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 (\u062f\u0648\u06d0\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644- \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u06d0\u0631\u0646\u0689\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0693\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u00a0 Kalk\u00fcltypen und logische Verfahren \u062f \u0648\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u0681\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06d0 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648 ( \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0\u00a0 Tautologien \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0644 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0642\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0696\u064a) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":118738,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1987],"class_list":["post-134152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-24","tag-1987"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 -\u06f2\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 - 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